Palmyra, Magnificent Once and Still

culture history unesco

Palmyra, Magnificent Once and Still

Unknown Thursday, November 12, 2015 Komentar

The Roman Theatre of Palmyra

The historical ruins in the ancient city of Palmyra have become more and more famous. Many people now know about the site thanks to “the headline today”. However, the increasing popularity seems a little bit too late as the sites are no more today due to attacks by a terror group on 2015. Once one of the most popular tourist destinations in Syria, the magnificent Palmyran temples, the beautiful pillars, statues, and sculptures, and of course their impressive tracks in human history have now been reduced to rubble. 

Palmyra is an ancient city of central Syria. Located in an oasis in the Syrian desert, 130 miles north-east of Damascus, Palmyra contains the monumental ruins of a great city in the past. The city was also mentioned in the Old Testament as being fortified by Solomon. In the mid-first century AD, Palmyra had become an established caravan oasis when it was under the control of the Roman Empire. Once dubbed the "Bride of the Desert", the oasis was a very important stop for many caravans crossing the arid desert between Mesopotamia and northern Syria. 

Gate of the fortified Temple of Bel Palmyra

This oasis lies halfway between the Euphrates River in the east and the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and therefore helped link the eastern realm with the West. It connected Persia, India and China with the Roman Empire in the 3rd century BC with a road and made the reputation of Palmyra shine more than ever in the past. The 2nd and 3rd centuries were the golden age of Palmyra as it thrived through its extensive trading and favored status under the Roman Empire.

Colonnaded streets of Palmyra

The last effective ruler of Palmyra was Queen Zenobia, the widow of the previous Palmyran governor who died of assassination. Claimed to be descended from Queen Cleopatra of Egypt, Zenobia was remarkably intelligent and an eloquent speaker of Palmyrian, Greek and Egyptian. She and her armies had managed to conquer most of Anatolia (Asia Minor) in 270, and then declared Palmyra’s independence from Rome. She was captured in 272 during her expansionist adventure to Antioch and sent to Rome for trial, where she was paraded in golden chains as Emperor Aurelian’s trophy. One year later, Palmyra was destroyed and its inhabitants slaughtered.

James Dawkins and Robert Wood discovering the ruins of Palmyra by Gavin Hamilton

In 1089, a major earthquake had destroyed what was left of Palmyra. In 1678, the ruined city was “rediscovered” by James Dawkins and Robert Wood—two British travelers living in Aleppo, Syria. Excavation began in 1924 and resulted in further findings on their remarkable architectural styles. Standing at the crossroads of several civilizations from the 1st to the 2nd century, the art and architecture of Palmyra married Greco-Roman techniques with indigenous traditions and Persian influences in a strongly original style. 

Lion in the garden of Palmyra Archeological Museum

A few examples of these unique architectural monuments and ornaments include those found at the Temple of Bel, Diocletian's Camp, the Agora, the Roman Theatre, other temples and urban quarters, also a network of colonnaded streets which link the major public monuments. Outside the wall of the city are remains of a Roman massive aqueduct and immense necropolises. In 1980, the ruins of the ancient city of Palmyra were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. Palmyra was once magnificent, and still today. 

Human history becomes more and more a race between education and catastrophe. ~ HG Wells

Via unesco, britannica, express; Photos: Wikipedia.com, Freeimages.com/Csaba Moldovan

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Why Dogs Love Bones

animal pet science

Why Dogs Love Bones

Unknown Tuesday, November 10, 2015 Komentar

Seeing a dog chewing on a piece of bone is not something really special, even when it seems to get aggressive when disturbed. Dogs love bones. It is a fact. However, not only dogs, but all canines including fox, wolves, jackal, coyotes, dingoes, etc. enjoy chewing on pieces of bone, and they will bury these treasure in the ground to save that piece of delicacy for savoring later. Why do dogs love bones anyway? There are several answers for this question.

Firstly, dogs enjoy chewing on bones because those pieces are sources of nutrition. Dogs know that instinctively. Bone is a perfect food rich in calcium phosphorus and trace minerals. That way, dogs can remove plaque from their body. Besides that, chewing on bones make dogs happy due to the flowing of endorphins. This desire to chew on bones is very strong in dogs and all canines, thus when the natural urge to chew arises, they will start to chew on any hard stuffs they can find including plastic toys, shoes, or even table legs.

Secondly, it has something to do with evolution. Long before dogs are domesticated, their ancestors along with the ancestors of the other modern canines had developed a skull shape with strong jaw muscles and sharp teeth—it was around eight million years ago when open habitats were spreading through Asia, Europe and North America. Since the preys tend to group together so there will be more eyes to watch for a stalking predator, which is to protect themselves, ancient canines would need to hunt together as well so that they will be more likely to succeed in hunting. Hunting in pack was also the only way for smaller predators, including ancient canines, to snatch a very large prey. 

Slowly, after a few generations of hunting in pack, their jaws had become more accustomed to biting and holding on their preys. Thus, the modern dogs we see today love to chew—basically, it means biting and holding—on bones because it is simply a leftover evolutionary trait. In other words, predators with larger teeth and stronger jaws were more likely to hunt better, and to survive to pass on their large-toothed, strong-jawed genes to the next generation. It seems that living and hunting in packs coincided with a shift in dogs' diets today.

The resulting evolution of their strong jaws slowly turned the ancestors of our domestic pets into hypercarnivores. Hypercarnivores are animals which have a diet that is more than 70 percent meat, with the balance consisting of non-animal foods such as fungi, plant, etc.. Let us say, they also prey at all stages of life for a variety of organisms. Some of those well-know hypercarnivorous animals are sharks, starfishes, salmons, all sorts of felines (e.g. cats, lions, tigers, etc.) and canines in its natural state.

Dogs love bones. However, are bones really safe for dogs? Is it OK to feed your dogs with raw bones? Is it OK to let your dogs pick any bone from garbage? That is indeed another case and we are discussing about it here.

If a dog's prayers were answered, bones would rain from the sky.
~ Anonymous

Related topics you may find interesting:

Why Your Dogs Are Happy to See You; Why Dogs Bite People

Via bbc, why. Photo: Freeimages.com/Vaughan Willis

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Hybrid Cars Versus Conventional Cars

car technology

Hybrid Cars Versus Conventional Cars

Unknown Sunday, November 08, 2015 Komentar

Hybrid cars are silent cars which run on both gasoline engines and rechargeable batteries. The technology is still a relatively new thing so you may want to check as many reference as possible when deciding to buy one. Hybrid cars are incredibly silent, however they work just like fuel powered cars do. When the cars are stuck in traffic, their engine will shut down and they will run on batteries. The transition between fuel and battery is smooth, making the cars comfortable to drive. In other words, conventional cars use an internal combustion engine and functions on diesel or gasoline, whereas hybrid cars use both the standard engine and a battery powered electric motor.

Unlike conventional all-electric cars, hybrid cars use regenerative charging thus they do not need plug-ins because they automatically recharge themselves while they are in drive. When you apply the brakes, the engine will transfer a portion of its power back into the car battery—the braking system of the cars, just like their battery, is regenerative which gives the brake pads a longer lifespan. That way, a charging station to plug-in your car is not required. Just drive, and the car will be automatically recharged.

One disadvantage of hybrid cars is that their powertrain is far more complex than that of conventional cars. This means that if the car breaks down it will cost more to repair and parts may be more expensive.  As hybrids technology become more common in the future, this is something that you can expect to change. And while it is true that hybrid cars have expensive parts, they also have warranties that provide free replacement of the most expensive parts for many years. You may need to check it with the dealer or manufacturer.

Hybrid cars use batteries that present low fuel emission rates. As you may have known, this is favorable in the world currently threatened by global warming. It reduces smog release by up to 90% and less greenhouse gases than conventional cars. To make it clear, hybrid technology is when electricity is created by fuel cells that utilize hydrogen and oxygen. The resulting exhaust is clean water.

Speaking of endurance, according to The U.S. Department of Energy, hybrid cars can run as much as a 70 mile drive on just one gallon worth of gasoline. This is certainly more cost-efficient than that of conventional cars. They also come with a battery pack of 38 modules so it is not necessary to spend a lot of money replacing a whole battery. Hybrid car owners can replace a single unit that is not working.

However, some consumers do worry that hybrid cars may not last as long as conventional cars, but consider the saving of 15–20% on fuel costs compared to conventional cars. With a lot of driving especially on city traffics, that saving will add up quickly. Hybrid cars have been sold in Japan since 1997, although they are rarely, if not, available in U.S. market for a very long time. For your information, it still has popularity and great resale value years later. 

Now that you know some of the important facts about hybrid cars and their technology compared to common cars—hybrid cars versus conventional cars—you may want to consider buying one when they become available in the market.

It's important that your inside character is bigger than your outside persona. A sports car with a lawnmower engine won't work. ~ Anonymous

Via hybrid-car, hybridfriends; Photo: quinet / Foter / CC BY-NC-SA; jurvetson / Foter / CC BY-NC-SA

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Quick Recipe: Balinese Duck Satay

culinary recipe

Quick Recipe: Balinese Duck Satay

Unknown Thursday, November 05, 2015 Komentar

(for 15 skewers)

INGREDIENTS:

• 600 grams minced duck (you can also use food processor)
• 5 tablespoons cooking oil
• 3 bay leaves
• 3 cm galangal, lightly bruised
• 10 lime leaves, finely chopped
• 3 lemongrass stalks, take the middle part and finely chopped
• 50 ml thick coconut milk from ½ coconut (you can also use canned coconut milk)
• 100 grams young coconut, crack open and grate the coconut out of the shell
• 1 tablespoon palm sugar
• ½ teaspoon black pepper
• 15 lemongrass stalks to be used as the skewer, cover the bottom part with tapioca

GROUND SPICES:

• 3 cloves garlic
• 5 shallots
• 3 tablespoons turmeric
• 3 cm ginger
• 10 candlenuts, roasted
• 1 teaspoon coriander
• 1 teaspoon salt

PREPARATION:

• Heat oil in a large skillet. Sauté the ground spices, galangal and bay leaves until fragrant. Remove from heat.
• Mix the spices with the minced duck thoroughly. Add the sliced lime leaves, lemongrass, coconut milk, grated coconut, palm sugar and black pepper. Mix thoroughly.
• Divide the mixture into 15 parts and roll them into balls. Mould the mixture around the lemongrass stalks with tapioca on the bottom end. Repeat the same process for the rest of the mixture.
• Cook the skewers on a preheated charcoal grill or barbecue, turn the skewers several times to make sure each side is fully cooked and golden brown. The Balinese duck satay is ready to serve.

***

Source: Halal Cook Book, Indonesian Ed. 

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Ayam Cemani, The Unholy Yet The Most Expensive Chicken in The World

animal pet

Ayam Cemani, The Unholy Yet The Most Expensive Chicken in The World

Unknown Wednesday, November 04, 2015 Komentar

If there is an exotic chicken that will cost you more than $2,000 each, it is Cemani Chicken (or Ayam Cemani)—originated from Java Island in Indonesia—making it the most expensive chicken legally available in markets. The price is considerably high due to the rare availability outside of its native Indonesia and their being completely black: extraordinary ink-black feathers with a greenish shine, black legs, claws and toe nails, black beak and tongue, black comb and wattles; even their meat, bones and organs appear totally black except for their blood which is still red albeit extremely darker than a normal chicken’s blood.

The raven-black colour of the chicken occurs as a result of hyperpigmentation or excessive pigmentation of the tissues, caused by a mutated genetic condition known as fibromelanosis. This genetic condition is also found in some similar black chicken breeds such as Silkie (of China), Swedish Black (of Swedia) and Kadaknath (of India) although Cemani Chicken is considered the darkest of them all. “It is clearly the chicken of Our Dark Lord and Savior Satan!” said someone. Well, of course it was just an unusual expression of praise on the celebrated breed albeit Cemani Chicken being the “Lamborghini of poultry” as well. 

As traditional Javanese people are very fond of chickens, Cemani Chicken holds a special place in the culture for centuries and such breed receives special treatment. In some, if not many, cases, the pure black chicken are considered status symbols, good luck charms and are used in traditional medicine preparations to cure a variety of ailments. The chickens are even believed to have supernatural power and often used as offerings in a shamanic ritual. The black meat and its dark red blood—the darker the better—are favoured by unearthly forces they are trying to connect to, they said. Well, these occult practices can be rooted from the glorious days of the Majapahit Empire in the 15^th century. But of course you do not have to be an occult practitioner to be able to enjoy the innocent and wonderful view of these majestic chickens on your own backyard. Cemani Chickens are robust, low cost, and by nature easy to handle, just like any other chickens.

Based on the comb type, Cemani Chickens fall into several categories as follow:

• Ayam Cemani Wilah: single-combed 
• Ayam Cemani Sumpel: pea-combed
• Ayam Cemani Telon: pea-combed; splitting into three sections on top
• Ayam Cemani Mahkota: rose-combed

Ayam Cemani Telon

Based on the feather, Cemani Chickens fall into several sub-breeds as follow:

• Ayam Cemani: with all its common characteristics
• Ayam Cemani Walik: with frizzled feathers
• Ayam Cemani Rajeg Wesi (the Iron Feathers): with needle-like feathers
• Ayam Cemani Putih: white-feathered Cemani Chicken

Ayam Cemani Walik

Based on the skin and tongue, Cemani Chickens fall into several categories as follow:

1. Ayam Cemani (the common breed of Cemani Chicken). As we may have acknowledged, the word “ayam” means “chicken” in Indonesian, while the word “cemani” means “completely black” in Javanese. The chickens that falls into this category have normal feathers, just like any ordinary chicken breeds, but with black feathers—all black. However, the colour of its tongue is rather grey, and not pure black.

2. Ayam Cemani Asli (the purest breed of Cemani Chicken). It has exactly the same characteristics as the common breed except for its tongue and blood which is black, or extremely dark (as the colour of its blood is still red in fact). Due to its being extremely small in number, the breed, if available, is usually sold at very fantastic prices, much higher than that of the common breed. However, several sources claimed that such breed with a pure black tongue and blood does not really exist.

3. Ayam Kedu (Kedunese Chicken). Being the ancestor of Cemani Chicken, it has the same physical appearance as Cemani Chicken except for the red colour on some parts of the body, including the comb, neck and buttock. Kedu is a region in Central Java where Cemani Chicken originated from centuries ago.

 

Ayam Cemani Rajeg Wesi

How to Breed Ayam Cemani

Instead of black eggs, Cemani Chicken lays normal cream-colored 45-gram eggs and it becomes the only part of the friendly bird that is not black. The hen lays up to 100 eggs on the first year. A typical laying cycle lasts for about 20 to 30 eggs, and then she will stop laying the eggs for 3 to 6 months. However, the distribution of black pigment in the offspring may vary. If you want to breed the bird, be aware that the hens are poor setters, and they rarely hatch their own brood so you may want to consider using incubators. 

So, what do you think about Ayam Cemani as the most expensive chicken you'll ever see? They do deserve a special spot among your lovely pets.

A drunken man was dreaming that he died and reincarnated on earth as a chicken. He became heavy and tried to lay an egg! He pushed and pushed and laid the 1st egg, then the 2nd. He was pushing to lay a 3rd egg when his wife screamed ''James! You're shitting on the bed!" ~ Anonymous

Via amusingplanet, carabudidayaternak; Photo: masterhias, gracefulchickens, cemanifarms, jf2013eks

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Phobias At A Glance: A Complete Phobia List

dictionary health

Phobias At A Glance: A Complete Phobia List

Unknown Sunday, November 01, 2015 Komentar

Below is a complete phobia list for your reference. Read more about What Is A Phobia? 

A

Ablutophobia: washing or bathing

Acarophobia: itching or of the insects that cause itching

Acerophobia: sourness

Achluophobia: darkness

Acousticophobia: noise

Acrophobia: heights

Aerophobia: drafts, air swallowing, or airborne noxious substances

Aeroacrophobia: open high places

Aeronausiphobia: vomiting secondary to airsickness

Agateophobia: insanity

Agliophobia: pain

Agoraphobia: open spaces or of being in crowded, public places like markets leaving a safe place

Agraphobia: sexual abuse

Agrizoophobia: wild animals

Agyrophobia: streets or crossing the street

Aichmophobia: needles or pointed objects

Ailurophobia: cats

Albuminurophobia: kidney disease

Alektorophobia: chickens

Algophobia: pain

Alliumphobia: garlic

Allodoxaphobia: opinions

Altophobia: heights

Amathophobia: dust

Amaxophobia: riding in a car

Ambulophobia: walking

Amnesiphobia: amnesia

Amychophobia: scratches or being scratched

Anablephobia: looking up

Ancraophobia: wind (see Anemophobia)

Androphobia: men

Anemophobia: air drafts or wind (see Ancraophobia) 

Anginophobia: angina, choking or narrowness

Anglophobia: England or English culture, etc

Angrophobia: anger or of becoming angry

Ankylophobia: immobility of a joint

Anthrophobia or Anthophobia: flowers

Anthropophobia: people or society

Antlophobia: floods

Anuptaphobia: staying single

Apeirophobia: infinity

Aphenphosmphobia: being touched (see Haphephobia)

Apiphobia: bees

Apotemnophobia: persons with amputations

Arachibutyrophobia: peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth

Arachnephobia / Arachnophobia: spiders

Arithmophobia: numbers

Arrhenphobia: men

Arsonphobia: fire

Asthenophobia: fainting or weakness

Astraphobia / Astrapophobia: thunder and lightning (see Ceraunophobia, Keraunophobia)

Astrophobia: stars or celestial space

Asymmetriphobia: asymmetrical things

Ataxiophobia: ataxia (muscular incoordination)

Ataxophobia: disorder or untidiness

Atelophobia: imperfection

Atephobia: ruin or ruins

Athazagoraphobia: being forgotton or ignored or forgetting

Atomosophobia: atomic explosions

Atychiphobia: failure

Aulophobia: flutes

Aurophobia: gold

Auroraphobia: Northern lights

Autodysomophobia: one that has a vile odor

Automatonophobia: ventriloquist's dummies, animatronic creatures, wax statues; anything that falsely represents a sentient being

Automysophobia: being dirty

Autophobia: being alone or of oneself

Aviophobia / Aviatophobia: flying

B

Bacillophobia: microbes

Bacteriophobia: bacteria

Ballistophobia: missiles or bullets

Bolshephobia: Bolsheviks

Barophobia: gravity

Basophobia / Basiphobia: Inability to stand walking or falling

Bathmophobia: stairs or steep slopes

Bathophobia: depth

Batophobia: heights or being close to high buildings

Batrachophobia: amphibians, e.g. frogs, salamanders, etc.

Belonephobia: pins and needles (see Aichmophobia)

Bibliophobia: books

Blennophobia: slime

Bogyphobia: bogeys or the bogeyman

Botanophobia: plants

Bromidrosiphobia / Bromidrophobia: body smells

Brontophobia: thunder and lightning

Bufonophobia: toads

C

Cacophobia: ugliness

Cainophobia / Cainotophobia: newness, novelty

Caligynephobia: beautiful women

Cancerophobia / Carcinophobia: cancer

Cardiophobia: the heart

Carnophobia: meat

Catagelophobia: being ridiculed

Catapedaphobia: jumping from high and low places

Cathisophobia: sitting

Catoptrophobia: mirrors

Cenophobia / Centophobia: new things or ideas

Ceraunophobia / Keraunophobia: thunder and lightning (see Astraphobia, Astrapophobia)

Chaetophobia: hair

Cheimaphobia / Cheimatophobia: cold (see Frigophobia, Psychophobia)

Chemophobia: chemicals or working with chemicals

Cherophobia: gaiety

Chionophobia: snow

Chiraptophobia: being touched

Chirophobia: hands

Chiroptophobia: bats

Cholerophobia: anger or the cholera

Chorophobia: dancing

Chrometophobia / Chrematophobia: money

Chromophobia / Chromatophobia: colors

Chronophobia: time

Chronomentrophobia: clocks

Cibophobia: food (see Sitophobia, Sitiophobia)

Claustrophobia: confined spaces

Cleithrophobia / Cleisiophobia: being locked in an enclosed place

Cleptophobia: stealing

Climacophobia: stairs, climbing, or of falling downstairs

Clinophobia: going to bed

Clithrophobia / Cleithrophobia: being enclosed

Cnidophobia: stings

Cometophobia: comets

Coimetrophobia: cemeteries

Coitophobia: coitus

Contreltophobia: sexual abuse

Coprastasophobia: constipation

Coprophobia: feces

Consecotaleophobia: chopsticks

Coulrophobia: clowns

Counterphobia: The preference by a phobic for fearful situations

Cremnophobia: precipices

Cryophobia: extreme cold, ice or frost

Crystallophobia: crystals or glass

Cyberphobia: computers or working on a computer

Cyclophobia: bicycles

Cymophobia / Kymophobia: waves or wave like motions

Cynophobia: dogs or rabies

Cypridophobia / Cypriphobia / Cyprianophobia / Cyprinophobia: prostitutes or venereal disease

D

Decidophobia: making decisions

Defecaloesiophobia: painful bowels movements

Deipnophobia: dining or dinner conversations

Dementophobia: insanity

Demonophobia / Daemonophobia: demons

Demophobia: crowds (see Agoraphobia)

Dendrophobia: trees

Dentophobia: dentists

Dermatophobia: skin lesions

Dermatosiophobia / Dermatophobia / Dermatopathophobia: skin disease

Dextrophobia: objects at the right side of the body

Diabetophobia: diabetes

Didaskaleinophobia: going to school

Dikephobia: justice

Dinophobia: dizziness or whirlpools

Diplophobia: double vision

Dipsophobia: drinking

Dishabiliophobia: undressing in front of someone

Disposophobia: throwing stuff out hoarding

Domatophobia: houses or being in a house (see Eicophobia, Oikophobia)

Doraphobia: fur or skins of animals

Doxophobia: expressing opinions or of receiving praise

Dromophobia: crossing streets

Dutchphobia: the Dutch

Dysmorphophobia: deformity

Dystychiphobia: accidents

E

Ecclesiophobia: church

Ecophobia: home

Eicophobia: home surroundings (see Domatophobia, Oikophobia)

Eisoptrophobia: mirrors or of seeing oneself in a mirror

Electrophobia: electricity

Eleutherophobia: freedom

Elurophobia: cats (see Ailurophobia)

Emetophobia: vomiting

Enetophobia: pins

Enochlophobia: crowds

Enosiophobia / Enissophobia: having committed an unpardonable sin or of criticism

Entomophobia: insects

Eosophobia: dawn or daylight

Ephebiphobia: teenagers

Epistaxiophobia: nosebleeds

Epistemophobia: knowledge

Equinophobia: horses

Eremophobia: being oneself or of loneliness

Ereuthrophobia: blushing

Ergasiophobia: 1. work or functioning; 2. surgeon's operating

Ergophobia: work

Erotophobia: sexual love or sexual questions

Euphobia: hearing good news

Eurotophobia: female genitalia

Erythrophobia / Erytophobia / Ereuthophobia: 1. redlights; 2. blushing; 3. red

F

Febriphobia / Fibriphobia / Fibriophobia: fever

Felinophobia: cats (see Ailurophobia, Elurophobia, Galeophobia, Gatophobia)

Francophobia: France or French culture (see Gallophobia, Galiophobia)

Frigophobia: cold or cold things (see Cheimaphobia, Cheimatophobia, Psychrophobia)

G

Galeophobia / Gatophobia: cats

Gallophobia / Galiophobia: France or French culture (see Francophobia) 

Gamophobia: marriage

Geliophobia: laughter

Gelotophobia: being laughed at

Geniophobia: chins

Genophobia: sex

Genuphobia: knees

Gephyrophobia / Gephydrophobia / Gephysrophobia: crossing bridges

Germanophobia: Germany or German culture

Gerascophobia: growing old

Gerontophobia: old people or of growing old

Geumaphobia / Geumophobia: taste

Glossophobia: speaking in public or of trying to speak

Gnosiophobia: knowledge

Graphophobia: writing or handwriting

Gymnophobia: nudity

Gynephobia or Gynophobia: women

H

Hadephobia: hell

Hagiophobia: saints or holy things

Hamartophobia: sinning

Haphephobia / Haptephobia: being touched

Harpaxophobia: being robbed

Hedonophobia: feeling pleasure

Heliophobia: the sun

Hellenologophobia: Greek terms or complex scientific terminology

Helminthophobia: being infested with worms

Hemophobia / Hemaphobia / Hematophobia: blood

Heresyphobia / Hereiophobia: challenges to official doctrine or of radical deviation

Herpetophobia: reptiles or creepy, crawly things

Heterophobia: the opposite sex (see Sexophobia)

Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia: the number 666

Hierophobia: priests or sacred things

Hippophobia: horses

Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia: long words

Hobophobia: bums or beggars

Hodophobia: road travel

Hormephobia: shock

Homichlophobia: fog

Homilophobia: sermons

Hominophobia: men

Homophobia: sameness, monotony or of homosexuality or of becoming homosexual

Hoplophobia: firearms

Hydrargyophobia: mercurial medicines

Hydrophobia: water or of rabies

Hydrophobophobia: rabies

Hyelophobia / Hyalophobia: glass

Hygrophobia: liquids, dampness, or moisture

Hylephobia: materialism or the epilepsy

Hylophobia: forests

Hypengyophobia / Hypegiaphobia: responsibility

Hypnophobia: sleep or of being hypnotized

Hypsiphobia: height

I

Iatrophobia: going to the doctor or of doctors

Ichthyophobia: fish

Ideophobia: ideas

Illyngophobia: vertigo or feeling dizzy when looking down

Iophobia: poison

Insectophobia: insects

Isolophobia: solitude, being alone

Isopterophobia: termites, insects that eat wood

Ithyphallophobia: seeing, thinking about or having an erect penis

J

Japanophobia: Japanese

Judeophobia: Jews

K

Kainolophobia / Kainophobia: anything new, novelty

Kakorrhaphiophobia: failure or defeat

Katagelophobia: ridicule

Kathisophobia: sitting down

Katsaridaphobia: cockroaches

Kenophobia: voids or empty spaces

Keraunophobia / Ceraunophobia: thunder and lightning (see Astraphobia, Astrapophobia)

Kinetophobia / Kinesophobia: movement or motion

Kleptophobia: stealing

Koinoniphobia : rooms

Kolpophobia: genitals, particularly female

Kopophobia: fatigue

Koniophobia: dust (see Amathophobia)

Kosmikophobia: cosmic phenomenon

Kymophobia: waves (see Cymophobia)

Kynophobia: rabies

Kyphophobia: stooping

L

Lachanophobia: vegetables

Laliophobia / Lalophobia: speaking

Leprophobia / Lepraphobia: leprosy

Leukophobia: the color white

Levophobia: things to the left side of the body

Ligyrophobia: loud noises

Lilapsophobia: tornadoes and hurricanes

Limnophobia: lakes

Linonophobia: string

Liticaphobia: lawsuits

Lockiophobia: childbirth

Logizomechanophobia: computers

Logophobia: words

Luiphobia: lues, syphilis

Lutraphobia: otters

Lygophobia: darkness

Lyssophobia: rabies or of becoming mad

M

Macrophobia: long waits

Mageirocophobia: cooking

Maieusiophobia: childbirth

Malaxophobia: love play (see Sarmassophobia)

Maniaphobia: insanity

Mastigophobia: punishment

Mechanophobia: machines

Medomalacuphobia: losing an erection

Medorthophobia: an erect penis

Megalophobia: large things

Melissophobia: bees

Melanophobia: the color black

Melophobia: music

Meningitophobia: brain disease

Menophobia: menstruation

Merinthophobia: being bound or tied up

Metallophobia: metal

Metathesiophobia: changes

Meteorophobia: meteors

Methyphobia: alcohol

Metrophobia: poetry

Microbiophobia: microbes (see Bacillophobia)

Microphobia: small things

Misophobia / Mysophobia: being contaminated with dirt or germs

Mnemophobia: memories

Molysmophobia / Molysomophobia: dirt or contamination

Monophobia: solitude or being alone

Monopathophobia: definite disease

Motorphobia: automobiles

Mottephobia: moths

Musophobia / Muriphobia: mice

Mycophobia: Fear or aversion to mushrooms

Mycrophobia: small things

Myctophobia: darkness

Myrmecophobia: ants

Mythophobia: myths or stories or false statements

Myxophobia: slime (see Blennophobia)

Bottom of Form

N

Nebulaphobia: fog (see Homichlophobia)

Necrophobia: death or dead things

Nelophobia: glass

Neopharmaphobia: new drugs

Neophobia: anything new

Nephophobia: clouds

Noctiphobia: the night

Nomatophobia: names

Nosocomephobia: hospitals

Nosophobia / Nosemaphobia: becoming ill

Nostophobia: returning home

Novercaphobia: your step mother

Nucleomituphobia: nuclear weapons

Nudophobia: nudity

Numerophobia: numbers

Nyctohylophobia: dark wooded areas or of forests at night

Nyctophobia: the dark or night

O

Obesophobia: gaining weight (see Pocrescophobia)

Ochlophobia: crowds or mobs

Ochophobia: vehicles

Octophobia: the figure 8

Odontophobia: teeth or dental surgery

Odynophobia / Odynephobia: pain (see Algophobia)

Oenophobia: wines

Oikophobia: home surroundings, house (see Domatophobia, Eicophobia)

Olfactophobia: smells

Ombrophobia: rain or of being rained on

Ommetaphobia / Ommatophobia: eyes

Omphalophobia: belly buttons

Oneirophobia: dreams

Oneirogmophobia: wet dreams

Onomatophobia: hearing a certain word or of names

Ophidiophobia: snakes (see Snakephobia)

Ophthalmophobia: being stared at

Opiophobia: medical doctor’s experience of prescribing needed pain medications for patients

Optophobia: opening one's eyes

Ornithophobia: birds

Orthophobia: property

Osmophobia / Osphresiophobia: smells or odors

Ostraconophobia: shellfish

Ouranophobia / Uranophobia: heaven

P

Pagophobia: ice or frost

Panthophobia: suffering and disease

Panophobia / Pantophobia: everything

Papaphobia : the Pope

Papyrophobia: paper

Paralipophobia: neglecting duty or responsibility

Paraphobia: sexual perversion

Parasitophobia: parasites

Paraskavedekatriaphobia: Friday the 13^th

Parthenophobia: virgins or young girls

Pathophobia: disease

Patroiophobia: heredity

Parturiphobia: childbirth

Peccatophobia: sinning or imaginary crimes

Pediculophobia: lice

Pediophobia: dolls

Pedophobia: children

Peladophobia: bald people

Pellagrophobia: pellagra

Peniaphobia: poverty

Pentheraphobia: mother in law (see Novercaphobia)

Phagophobia: swallowing or of eating or of being eaten

Phalacrophobia: becoming bald

Phallophobia: a penis, esp. erect

Pharmacophobia: taking medicine

Phasmophobia: ghosts

Phengophobia: daylight or sunshine

Philemaphobia / Philematophobia: kissing

Philophobia: falling in love or being in love

Philosophobia: philosophy

Phobophobia: phobias

Photoaugliaphobia: glaring lights

Photophobia: light

Phonophobia: noises or voices or one's own voice; of telephones

Phronemophobia: thinking

Phthiriophobia: lice (see Pediculophobia)

Phthisiophobia: tuberculosis

Placophobia: tombstones

Plutophobia: wealth

Pluviophobia: rain or of being rained on

Pneumatiphobia: spirits

Pnigophobia / Pnigerophobia: choking of being smothered

Pocrescophobia: gaining weight (see Obesophobia)

Pogonophobia: beards

Poliosophobia: contracting poliomyelitis

Politicophobia: politicians

Polyphobia: many things

Poinephobia: punishment

Ponophobia: overworking or of pain

Porphyrophobia: the color purple

Potamophobia: rivers or running water

Potophobia: alcohol

Pharmacophobia: drugs

Proctophobia: rectums

Prosophobia: progress

Psellismophobia: stuttering

Psychophobia: mind

Psychrophobia: cold

Pteromerhanophobia: flying

Pteronophobia: being tickled by feathers

Pupaphobia: puppets

Pyrexiophobia: fever

Pyrophobia: fire

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Q

R

Radiophobia: radiation, x-rays

Ranidaphobia: frogs

Rectophobia: rectum or rectal diseases

Rhabdophobia: being severely punished or beaten by a rod, or of being severely criticized

Rhypophobia: defecation

Rhytiphobia: getting wrinkles

Rupophobia: dirt

Russophobia: Russians

S

Samhainophobia: Halloween

Sarmassophobia: love play (see Malaxophobia)

Satanophobia: Satan

Scabiophobia: scabies

Scatophobia: fecal matter

Scelerophibia: bad men, burglars

Sciophobia / Sciaphobia: shadows

Scoleciphobia: worms

Scolionophobia: school

Scopophobia / Scoptophobia: being seen or stared at

Scotomaphobia: blindness in visual field

Scotophobia: darkness (see Achluophobia)

Scriptophobia: writing in public

Selachophobia: sharks

Selaphobia: light flashes

Selenophobia: the moon

Seplophobia: decaying matter

Sesquipedalophobia: long words

Sexophobia: the opposite sex (see Heterophobia)

Siderodromophobia: trains, railroads or train travel

Siderophobia: stars

Sinistrophobia: things to the left or left-handed

Sinophobia: Chinese, Chinese culture

Sitophobia / Sitiophobia: food or eating (Cibophobia)

Snakephobia: snakes (see Ophidiophobia)

Soceraphobia: parents in law

Social Phobia: being evaluated negatively in social situations

Sociophobia: society or people in general

Somniphobia: sleep

Sophophobia: learning

Soteriophobia: dependence on others

Spacephobia: outer space

Spectrophobia: specters or ghosts

Spermatophobia /  Spermophobia: germs

Spheksophobia: wasps

Stasibasiphobia /  Stasiphobia: standing or walking (see Ambulophobia)

Staurophobia: crosses or the crucifix

Stenophobia: narrow things or places

Stygiophobia / Stigiophobia: hell

Suriphobia: mice

Symbolophobia: symbolism

Symmetrophobia: symmetry

Syngenesophobia: relatives

Syphilophobia: syphilis

T

Tachophobia: speed

Taeniophobia / Teniophobia: tapeworms

Taphephobia / Taphophobia: being buried alive or of cemeteries

Tapinophobia: being contagious

Taurophobia: bulls

Technophobia: technology

Teleophobia: 1. definite plans; 2. religious ceremony

Telephonophobia: telephones

Teratophobia: bearing a deformed child or monsters or deformed people

Testophobia: taking tests

Tetanophobia: lockjaw, tetanus

Teutophobia: German or German things

Textophobia: certain fabrics

Thaasophobia: sitting

Thalassophobia: the sea

Thanatophobia / Thantophobia: death or dying

Theatrophobia: theatres

Theologicophobia: theology

Theophobia: gods or religion

Thermophobia: heat

Tocophobia: pregnancy or childbirth

Tomophobia: surgical operations

Tonitrophobia: thunder

Topophobia: certain places or situations, such as stage fright

Toxiphobia / Toxophobia / Toxicophobia: poison or of being accidently poisoned

Traumatophobia: injury

Tremophobia: trembling

Trichinophobia: trichinosis

Trichopathophobia / Trichophobia: hair (see Chaetophobia, Hypertrichophobia)

Triskaidekaphobia: the number 13

Tropophobia: moving or making changes

Trypanophobia: injections

Tuberculophobia: tuberculosis

Tyrannophobia: tyrants

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U

Uranophobia or Ouranophobia: heaven

Urophobia: urine or urinating

V

Vaccinophobia: vaccination

Venustraphobia: beautiful women

Verbophobia: words

Verminophobia: germs

Vestiphobia: clothing

Virginitiphobia: rape

Vitricophobia: step father

W

Walloonphobia: the Walloons

Wiccaphobia: witches and witchcraft

X

Xanthophobia: the color yellow or the word yellow

Xenoglossophobia: foreign languages

Xenophobia: strangers or foreigners

Xerophobia: dryness

Xylophobia: 1. wooden objects; 2. forests

Xyrophobia: razors 

Y

Z

Zelophobia: jealousy

Zeusophobia: God or gods

Zemmiphobia: the great mole rat

Zoophobia: animals 

***

Via phobialist (a complete phobia list) 
Photo: Freeimages.com/Lieven Volckaert; Adam Lambert-Gorwyn; Annie Andre; Javier Zubiri; ttatlin

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